I liked this paper by H. Tian, J. Whalley & Y. Cai on the possible role of trade sanctions and compensatory transfers from developed countries in encouraging large-population, low-wage, rapidly-growing BRIC group countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) to join in an effective global climate change agreement. Large developing countries gain something themselves from mitigating their own emissions but they lose consumption.
Large compensatory transfers from developed countries or very large border taxes imposed by developed countries on non-mitigators will do the trick. Clearly the transfgers and the taxes can be smaller the more severe the effects of climate change.
If the compensations are provided only by the US, EU and Japan each of these countries need to transfer almost 5% of their GPD to China, 1.3% to Russia, 1.2% to India and 0.6% to Brazil. The BTAs are of the order of 250% if all other countries impose them but of the order of 1000%+ if only developed countries impose them.
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